![]() ![]() Smith and DeCoster (2000), claim that the two distinct processing modes draw on the memory systems in fundamentally different ways. ![]() Similarly, Schaller’s (1992, cited in Baron & Byrne, 1997) work on statistical reasoning highlights how social involvement can trigger logical thinking, suggesting failure to complete logical reasoning tasks can be attributed to a lack of motivation and social involvement, which in turn affects the way new tasks/information is perceived. Cosmides (1989, cited in Eysenck & Keane 2000) reports people have no difficulty solving logically equivalent problems, when the rule consists of a social contract, reminiscent of social exchange principles. This is illustrated with the Wasons (1966, cited in Wiggins, Wiggins & Vander Zanden, 1994) card problem. Cosmides (1989, cited in Fiedler & Bless 2001) claims that failure in logical reasoning tasks can be attributed to the fact that they are usually detached from the social context in which reasoning ability has evolved. Cosmides (1989, cited in Fiedler & Bless, 2001) approach to logical reasoning illustrates the importance of the social component in human thinking/intelligence. ![]() The combination of newly encoded input along with old knowledge in memory provides the basis for further processing, resulting in inferences and judgements (Srull, 1983). Newly encoded perceptions are stored in memory, potentially affecting the assessment of future events (Augoustinos & Walker, 1995). The encoding and interpretation of the perception is heavily influenced by prior knowledge stored in memory (Fielder & Bless, 2001). Observed stimulus events must be perceived, then encoded and stored. Research into the two processing modes has concentrated on three major components how people process in quick and effortless fashion (top-down processing), how they process when willing and able to engage in extensive thought (bottom-up processing), and finally, what conditions encourage each type of processing.Ĭognitive processes are staged. The basic foundations of top-down and bottom-up processing have been adopted by many theorists and have been empirically demonstrated in the areas of logical reasoning, person perception, person memory, judgement tendencies and linguistic communication. In contrast, bottom-up explanations suggest social judgements and behaviours are directly influenced by sensory imput (Hogg & Vaughn, 1998). Top-down explanations of processing rely on previous experiences and expectations, and highlight the importance of the context. Bottom-up and top-down processing will be discussed in relation to the social cognitive processes perception, encoding and storage, reference will be made to the role of schemas, heuristics and the effect of priming. Social cognition is concerned with the mental representations and processes involved in social judgements and social behaviour. ‘Discuss top-down and bottom-up processing in relation to social cognitive processes, with reference to empirical studies’. ![]()
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